GENERAL OVERVIEW

Bahls, P. 1992. The status of fish populations and management of high mountain lakes in the western United States. Northwest Science 66:183-193.

Boydstun, C., P. Fuller, and J. D. Williams. 1995. Nonindigenous fish. Pages 431-433, in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources. Washington, DC: USDI National Biological Service.

Brown, W.Y. 1979. The federal role in regulating species introductions into the United States. Pages 258-264, in R. Mann, editor. Exotic species in mariculture. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Courtenay, W.R., D.A. Hensley, J.N. Taylor, & J.A. McCann. 1984. Distributions of exotic fish in the continental United States. Pages 41-78, in W.R. Courtenay, J.R. Stauffer, editors. Distribution, biology, and management of exotic fishes. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.

Courtenay, W.R., & J.R. Stauffer, editors. 1984. Distribution, biology, and management of exotic fishes. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.

Courtenay, W.R., & P.B. Moyle. 1992. Crimes against biodiversity: the lasting legacy of fish introductions. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 57:365-372.

Courtenay, W.R., H.F. Sahlman, W.W. Miley, & D.J. Herrema. 1974. Exotic fishes in fresh and brackish waters of Florida. Biological Conservation 6:291-302.

Divens, M. and S.A. Bonar. 1997. An overview of reported impacts of trout stocking on the native biota in high mountain lakes. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fish Management Program, Research Report.

Donald, D.B. 1987. Assessment of the outcome of eight decades of trout stocking in the mountain national parks, Canada. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7:545-553.

Duff, D.A. 1995. Fish stocking in U.S. Federal wilderness areas-challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Wilderness 1:17-19.

Ehrlich, P.R. 1989. Attributes of invaders and the invading process: vertebrates. Pages 315-328, in J.A. Drake, H.A. Mooney, F. di Castri, R.H. Groves,F.J. Kruger, M. Rejmanek, & M. Williamson, editors. Biological invasions: a global perspective. SCOPE 37. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England.

Horton, B., & D. Ronayne. 1994. Taking stock of stocking. Idaho Wildlife 15:22.

Knapp, R.A. 1996. Non-native trout in natural lakes of the Sierra Nevada: an analysis of their distribution and impacts on native aquatic biota. In: Sierra Nevada ecosystem project: final report to Congress, volume III, assessments, commissioned reports and background information. Davis CA: Univ California. Wildland Resour Ctr Rep 38:363-407.

Magnuson, J.J. 1976. Managing with exotics: a game of chance. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 105:1-9.

Moyle, P.B. 1986. Fish introductions into North America: patterns and ecological impact. Pages 27-43, in H.A. Mooney, J.A. Drake, editors. Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. Springer Verlag, New York, New York.

Soule, M.E. 1990. The onslaught of alien species, and other challenges in the coming decades. Conservation Biology 4:233-239.

Taylor, J.N., W.R. Courtenay, Jr., and J.A. McCann. 1984. Known impacts of exotic fishes in the continental United States. Pages 322-373 In: Courtenay, W.R., Jr., J.R. Stauffer, Jr., eds. Distribution, biology, and management of exotic fishes. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

U.S. Department of Interior, National Biological Service. 1995. Our living resources: a report to the nation. Pages 431-433.

Wilcove, D., M. Bean, & P.C. Lee. 1992. Fisheries management and biological diversity: problems and opportunities. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 57:373-383.

SPECIFIC TOPICS

AMPHIBIANS

Literature Reviews

Corn, P.S. In Press. Amphibian declines: review of some current hypotheses. In Sparling, D.W., C.A. Bishop, G. Liner, editors. Ecotoxicology of amphibians and reptiles. Pensacola FL: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.

Corn, P.S. 1994. What we know and don't know about amphibian declines in the West. Pages 59-67, in W. W. Covington and L. F. DeBano, technical coordinators. Sustainable ecological systems: implementing an ecological approach to land management. Ft. Collins CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report RM-GTR-247.

Additional Citations

Bronmark, C., & P. Edenhamn. 1994. Does the presence of fish affect the distribution of tree frogs (Hyla arborea)? Conservation Biology 8:841-845.

Braña, F., L. Frechilla, and G. Oriazola. 1996. Effect of introduced fish on amphibian assemblages in mountain lakes of northern Spain. Herpetological Journal 6:145-148.

Bradford, D.F. 1989. Allopatric distribution of native frogs and introduced fishes in high Sierra Nevada lakes of California: implications of the negative impact of fish introductions. Copeia 1989:775-778.

Bradford, D.F. 1991. Mass mortality and extinction in a high-elevation populations of Rana muscosa. Journal of Herpetology 25:174-177.

Bradford, D.F., F. Tabatabai, D.M. Graber. 1993. Isolation of remaining populations of the native frog, Rana muscosa, by introduced fishes in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National parks, California. Conservation Biology 7(4):882-888.

Bradford, D.F., D.M. Graber, F. Tabatabai. 1994. Populations declines of the native frog, Rana muscosa, in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Southwest Naturalist 39:323-327.

Cory, B.L. 1962. Effects of introduced trout on the evolution of native frogs in the high Sierra Nevada mountains. Washington, DC: Proc. XVI International Congress on Zoology 2:172.

Fellers, G.M. and C.A. Drost. 1993. Disappearance of the cascade frog (Rana cascadea) at the southern end of its range, California, USA. Biological conservation 65:177-181.

Rosen, P.C., C.R. Schwalbe, D.A. Parizek, Jr., P.A. Holm, and C.H. Lowe. 1995. Introduced aquatic vertebrates in the Chiricahua region: effects on declining native ranid frogs. Pages 251-261, in DeBano, L.F., Gottfried, G.J., Hamre, R.H., Edminster, C.B., Ffolliott, P.F., Ortega-Rubio, A., technical coordinators. Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago: the sky islands of southwestern Untied States and northwestern Mexico. Ft. Collins CO: US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report RM-GTR-264.

Sexton, O.J., & C. Phillips. 1986. A qualitative study of fish-amphibian interactions in three Missouri ponds. Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Sciences 20:25-35. Tyler, T., W. J. Liss, L. M. Ganio, G. L. Larson, R. Hoffman, E. Deimling, and G. Lomnicky. 1998. Interaction between introduced trout and larval salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in high-elevation lakes. Conservation Biology 12:94-105.

Wissinger, S.A. and H.H. Whiternan. 1992. Fluctuation in a Rocky Mountain population of salamanders: anthropogenic acidification or natural variation? Journal of Herpetology 26(4):377-391.

NATIVE FISH

Literature Reviews

Johnson, J. E. 1995. Imperiled freshwater fishes. Pages 142-144, in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources. Washington, DC: USDI National Biological Service.

Krueger, C.C. and B. May. 1991. Ecological and genetic effects of salmonid introductions in North America. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48(Supplement 1):66-77.

Moyle, P.B. 1976. Fish introductions in California: history and impact on native fishes. Biological Conservation 9:101-118.

Rinne, J.N., and J. Janisch. 1995. Coldwater fish stocking and native fishes in Arizona: past, present, and future. Pages 397-406, in American Fisheries Society Symposium 15. Bethesda, MD.

Young, M.K., editor. Conservation assessment for inland cutthroat trout. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report RM-GTR-256. 61 pp.

Additional Citations

Allendorf, F.W., and R.F. Leary. 1988. Conservation and distribution of genetic variation in a polytypic species, the cutthroat trout. Conservation Biology 2:170-184.

Baltz, D.M., & P.B. Moyle. 1993. Invasion resistance to introduced species by a native assemblage of California stream fishes. Ecological Applications 3:246-255.

Deacon, J.E., C. Hubbs, & B.J. Zahuranec. 1964. Some effects of introduced fishes on the native fish fauna of southern Nevada. Copeia 1964:384-388.

Ferguson, M.M. 1990. The genetic impact of introduced fish on native species. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:1053-1057.

Gresswell, R.E., editor. 1988. Status and management of interior stocks of cutthroat trout. American Fisheries Society Symposium 4. Bethesda, MD.

Kelly, G.A., J.S. Griffith, and R.D. Jones. Changes in distribution of trout in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 1900-1977. Technical Report 102. Washington DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 10 p.

Larson, G.L., and S.E. Moore. 1985. Encroachment of exotic rainbow trout into stream populations of native brook trout in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 114(2):195-203.

Leary, R.F., F.W. Allendorf, and S.H. Forbes. 1993. Conservation genetics of bull trout in the Columbia and Klamath River drainages. Conservation Biology 7:856-865.

Marnell, L. F. 1995. Cutthroat trout in Glacier National Park, Montana. Pages 153-154, in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources. Washington, DC: USDI National Biological Service.

Marnell, L.F. 1981. Genetic reconnaissance of cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki Richardson, in twenty-two westslope lakes in Glacier National Park, Montana. Research Report. West Glacier, MT: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Glacier National Park. 47 p.

Moyle, P.B., & J.E. Williams. 1990. Biodiversity loss in the temperate zone: decline of the native fish fauna of California. Conservation Biology 4:275-284.

Ogutu-Ohwayo, R. 1990. The decline of the native fishes of Lakes Victoria and Kyoga (East Africa) and the impact of introduced species, especially the Nile perch, Lates niloticus and the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Environmental Biology of Fisheries 27:81-90.

Ogutu-Ohwayo, R. 1993. The effects of predation by Nile perch, Lates niloticus L., on the fish of Lake Nabugabo, with suggestions for conservation of endangered endemic cichlids. Conservation Biology 3:701-718.

Phillip, D.P., J.M. Epifanio, and M.J. Jennings. 1993. Conservation genetics and current stocking practices - are they compatible? Fisheries 18(12):14-16.

Starnes W. C. 1995. Colorado River basin fishes. Pages 149-152, in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources. Washington, DC: USDI National Biological Service.

ECOSYSTEM AND COMMUNITY

Literature Reviews

Goetze, B., W.J. Liss and G.L. Larson. 1989. Ecological implications of fish introductions into temperate lakes: a review. National Park Service Technical Report.

Liss, W.J., G.L. Larson, E. Deimling, L. Ganio, R. Gresswell, R. Hoffman, M. Kiss, G. Lornnicky, C.D. McIntire, R. Truitt, and T. Tyler. 1995. Ecological effects of stocked trout in naturally fishless high mountain lakes North Cascades National Park Service Complex, WA, USA. National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Technical Report NPS/PNROSU/NRTR-95-03., Seattle.

Additional Citations

Anderson,R.S. 1972. Zooplankton composition and change in an alpine lake. Internationale Vereinigung fur theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, Verhandlungen 17:264-268.

Anderson,R.S. 1980. Relationships between trout and invertebrate species as predators and the structure of the crustacean and rotiferan plankton in mountain lakes. Pages 635-641, in W.C. Kerfoot, editor. Evolution and Ecology of Zooplankton Communities. University Press of New England, Hanover.

Bahls, P. 1991. Ecological implications of trout introductions to lakes of the Selway Bitterroot Wilderness, Idaho. Master’s thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Bechara, J.A., G. Moreau, & L. Hare. 1993. The impact of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) on an experimental stream benthic community: the role of spatial and size refugia. Journal of Animal Ecology 62:451-464.

Carpenter, S.R., K.L. Cottingham and D.E. Schindler. 1992. Biotic feedbacks in lake phosphorus cycles. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17:332-336.

Chess, D.W., F. Gibson, A.T. Scholz, & R.J. White. 1993. The introduction of Lahontan cutthroat trout into a previously fishless lake: feeding habits and effects upon the zooplankton and benthic community. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 8:215-225.

Crumb, S.E. 1978. Long term effects of fish stocking on the invertebrate communities of Steep Lake, Idaho. Master’s thesis. University of Idaho, Moscow.

Donald, D.B., Anderson, R.S. and Mayhood, D.W. 1994. Coexistence of fish and large Hesperodiaptomus species (Crustacea: Calanoida) in subalpine and alpine lakes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:259-261.

Gliwicz, Z.M. and M.G. Rowan. 1984. Survival of Cyclops: abyssorum tatricus (copepoda, Crustacea) in alpine lakes stocked with planktivorous fish. Limnology and Oceanography 29(6):1290-1299.

Goldschmidt, T., F. Witte, & J. Wanink. 1993. Cascading effects of Nile perch on the detritivorous/phytoplanktivorous species in the sublittoral areas of Lake Victoria. Conservation Biology 3:686-700.

Leavitt, P.R., D.E. Schindler, A.J. Paul, A.K. Hardie and D.W. Schindler. 1994. Fossil pigment records of phytoplankton in trout-stocked alpine lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51:2411-2423.

Liss, W.J., & G.L. Larson. 1991. Ecological effects of stocked trout on North Cascades naturally fishless lakes. Park Science 11:22-23.

Liss, W.J., G.L. Larson, E.A. Deimling, L. Ganio, R.L. Hoffman, and G. Lomnicky. In Press. Interaction of diaptomid copepods and introduced trout in high-elevation lakes in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. Hydrobiologia.

Luecke, C. 1990. Changes in abundance and distribution of benthic marcroinvertebrates after introduction of cutthroat trout into a previously fishless lake. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119:1010-1021.

Morgan, M., S. Threkeld, & C. Goldman. 1978. Impact of the introduction of kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) and opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta) on a subalpine lake. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35:1752-1759.

Nilsson, N.A. and B. Pejler. 1973. On the relations between fish fauna and zooplankton composition in north Swedish lakes. Institute of Freshwater Research, Drottingholm 53:5177.

Northcote,T.G. and Clarotto,R. 1975. Limnetic macrozooplankton and fish predation in some coastal British Columbia lakes. Internationale Vereinigung fur theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, Verhandlungen 19:2378-2393.

Northcote, T.G., C.J. Walters and J.M.B. Hume. 1978. Initial impacts of experimental fish introductions on the macrozooplankton of small oligotrophic lakes. Internationale Vereingung Fuer Theorerishe Und Angewandte Limnologie Verhandlungen 20:2003-2012.

Paul,A.J., Leavitt,P.R., Schindler,D.W. and Hardie,A.K. 1995. Direct and indirect effects of predation by a calanoid copepod (subgenus: Hesperodiaptomus) and nutrients in a fishless alpine lake. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52:2628-2638.

Spencer, C.N., B.R. McClelland, & J.A. Stanford. 1991. Shrimp stocking, salmon collapse, and eagle displacement: cascading interactions in the food web of a large aquatic ecosystem. BioScience 41:14-21.

Starkweather,P.L. (1990) Zooplankton community structure of high elevation lakes: biogeographic and predator-prey interactions. Internationale Vereinigung fur theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, Verhandlungen 24:513-517.

Stenson,J.A.E. (1972) Fish predation effects on species composition of the zooplankton community in eight small forest lakes. Report of the Institute of Freshwater Research, Drottningholm 52:132-148.

Stoddard,J.L. (1987) Microcrustacean communities of high-elevation lakes in the Sierra Nevada, California. Journal of Plankton Research 9:631-650.

Walters, C.J. and R.E. Vincent. 1973. Potential productivity of an alpine lake as indicated by removal and reintroduction of fish. Transactions of the America Fisheries Society 102:675-697.

MANAGEMENT AND RESTORATION

Andren, C. and G. Nilson. 1995. Translocation of amphibians and reptiles: consequences of introductions, re-introductions and re-inforcement for conservation and definitions of concepts. Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 71:84-87.

Carline, R.F., T. Beard, & B.A. Hollender. 1991. Response of wild brown trout to elimination of stocking and to no-harvest regulations. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 11:253-266.

Cook, A.S. and R.S. Oldham. 1995. Establishment of populations of the common frog, Rana temporaria, and the common toad, Bufo bufo, in a newly created reserve following translocation. Herpetological Journal 5:173-180.

Dodd, Jr., C.K. and R.A. Seigel. 1991. Relocation, repatriation, and translocation of amphibians and reptiles: are they conservation strategies that work? Herpetologica 47(3):336-350.

Elser, J.J., C. Luecke, M.T. Brett, & C.R. Goldman. 1995. Effects of food web compensation after manipulation of rainbow trout in an oligotrophic lake. Ecology 76:52-69.

Fraley, J. 1996. Cooperation and controversy in wilderness fisheries management. Fisheries 21(5):16-21.

Harig, A.L., and M.B. Bain. 1998. Defining and restoring biological integrity in wilderness lakes. Ecological Applications 8:71-87.

Knapp, R. A. and K. R. Matthews. 1998. Eradication of nonnative fish by gill netting from a small mountain lake in California. Restoration Ecology 6:207-213.

Kohler, C.C., & J.G. Stanley. 1984. A suggested protocol for evaluating proposed exotic fish introductions in the United States. Pages 387-406, in W.R. Courtenay and J.R. Stauffer, editors. Distribution, biology, and management of exotic fishes. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.

Li, H.W. & P.B. Moyle. 1993. Management of introduced fishes. Pages 287-307, in C.C. Kohler and W.A. Hubert, editors. Inland fisheries management in North America. American Fisheries Society.

Lydeard, C., & M.C. Belk. 1993. Management of indigenous fish species impacted by introduced mosquitofish: an experimental approach. Southwestern Naturalist 38:370-373.

Moore, S.E., B. Ridley, and G.L. Larson. 1983. Standing crops of brook trout concurrent with removal of rainbow trout from selected streams in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 3(1):72-80.

Moore, S.E., G.L. Larson, and B. Ridley. 1986. Population control of exotic rainbow trout in streams of a natural areas park. Environmental Management 10(2):215-219.

Rinne, J.N., and P.R. Turner. 1991. Reclamation and alteration as management techniques, and a review of methodology in stream renovation. Pages 219-244, in W.L. Minckley and J.E. deacon, editors. Battle Against Extinction: Native Fish Management in the American West. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Temple, S.A. 1990. The nasty necessity: eradicating exotics. Conservation Biology 4:113-115.